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[奏鳴曲 Sonata ] Mozart 莫札特《唐·喬凡尼》《讓我們手牽手》 Don Giovanni)LÀ CI DAREM LA MANO, Biking to Kerchheim via Bahnstadt 2022.11.08

 




Mozart Sonata - Don Giovanni LÀ CI DAREM LA MANO,   Biking to Kerchheim   via  Bahnstadt 2022.11.08

「手牽手」指的是這部歌劇中最著名的二重唱 《讓我們手牽手》 (LÀ CI DAREM LA MANO)

如果以奏鳴曲式(Sonata Form)的邏輯來對照,這首歌的內容和地位可以用以下方式理解:

1. 它位於歌劇的哪個部分?

這首歌出現在第一幕(Act I)。 這不是奏鳴曲式中那種純器樂的「發展部」,但在戲劇結構上,它屬於**「呈示部」之後的劇情展開**。此時唐·喬凡尼正試圖引誘剛訂婚的農家女潔若莉娜(Zerlina)。


2. 歌曲內容與對比、衝突、解決的關係

雖然這是一首獨立的二重唱,但它的旋律走向完美體現了你提到的對比、衝突與解決的動態過程:

  • 對比 (Contrast): 歌曲開始時,唐·喬凡尼用優雅、高貴的旋律(A段)誘惑,而潔若莉娜則用猶豫、不安的短促樂句回應。這形成了貴族與平民、誘惑與防衛的對比。

  • 衝突 (Conflict/Tension): 隨著音樂進行,兩人的聲音開始交疊。潔若莉娜在「我想去,但我又心跳得厲害」之間掙扎。音樂的節奏變得更加緊湊,調性上的細微變化展現了她內心的動搖與兩人意志的拉鋸。

  • 解決 (Resolution): 當潔若莉娜最終決定屈服,唱出「好,我們走吧」(Andiam!)時,音樂從原本的 2/4 拍變成了輕快的 6/8 拍(牧歌風格)。此時兩人的旋律合二為一,不再有對立,進入了和諧的同聲齊唱。這在情感上完成了一次**「調性的回歸與解決」**,雖然在道德上這是一個「錯誤的解決」。


3. 在奏鳴曲式結構中的比喻

如果你要把這首歌放在整個歌劇的大框架來看:

  • 呈示部: 介紹了喬凡尼的放蕩本性。

  • 《讓我們手牽手》(發展部的一環): 這首歌是衝突的體現。它展示了喬凡尼如何透過魅力破壞原本的和諧(潔若莉娜的婚禮),增加了劇情的張力與複雜度。

  • 解決: 這種誘惑帶來的衝突,最終要到全劇末尾,由石像出現將他拖入地獄才得到真正的(也是悲劇性的)解決。

這首歌最迷人的地方在於,莫札特用極其甜美、和諧的音樂,去包裹一個充滿危險和欺騙的動機。


莫札特的《唐·喬凡尼》(Don Giovanni)被譽為「歌劇中的歌劇」,它完美地融合了喜劇(Opera Buffa)與悲劇(Opera Seria)的元素。雖然這是一部歌劇,但其序曲(Overture)以及許多詠嘆調的結構,都深受**奏鳴曲式(Sonata Form)**邏輯的影響。


奏鳴曲式的調性與戲劇結構

在古典時期,奏鳴曲式不僅僅是音樂結構,它更像是一場**「調性的旅行」**。以你提到的 A大調為例,這三個部分與戲劇張力的關係如下:

1. 呈示部 (Exposition) —— 對比

  • 調性流向: 主調 (A大調) $\rightarrow$ 屬調 (E大調)。

  • 功能: 這是故事的「開場」。作曲家會先介紹第一主題(通常較剛強),然後透過「轉調段」移至五度之上的屬調,介紹第二主題(通常較柔美)。

  • 戲劇意義: 建立了兩個不同性格、不同調性的世界,產生了初步的對比

2. 發展部 (Development) —— 衝突

  • 調性流向: 游移、不穩定,頻繁轉調(例如 A小調、F大調、D小調等)。

  • 功能: 這是整首曲子最激烈的段落。作曲家將呈示部的素材拆解、重組,並在不穩定的調性中遊走。

  • 戲劇意義: 象徵著故事進入高潮,矛盾爆發,充滿了不確定性與衝突

3. 再現部 (Recapitulation) —— 解決

  • 調性流向: 第一主題 (A大調) $\rightarrow$ 第二主題 (回歸 A大調)。

  • 功能: 主題再次出現,但關鍵在於原本屬於 E 大調的第二主題,現在必須「修正」回 A 大調。

  • 戲劇意義: 所有的矛盾在此得到整合,調性回歸統一,象徵著問題的解決與和諧。


《唐·喬凡尼》的內容簡介

這部歌劇講述了西班牙貴族放蕩子弟——唐·喬凡尼(Don Giovanni)的故事。

  • 開端: 他試圖引誘騎士長的女兒安娜,混亂中殺死了騎士長。

  • 過程: 喬凡尼毫無悔意,繼續戲弄心碎的艾維拉,並在婚禮上勾引農村少女潔若莉娜。他的僕人雷波雷洛(Leporello)著名的「清單詠嘆調」記錄了他數以千計的情史。

  • 結局: 在墓地裡,喬凡尼狂妄地邀請騎士長的石像共進晚餐。石像竟然赴約,並要求喬凡尼悔改,喬凡尼堅決拒絕,最後被地獄之火吞噬。


十首著名音樂家的奏鳴曲

除了莫札特的作品,以下是音樂史上極具代表性的十首奏鳴曲:

作曲家作品名稱 (別名)
貝多芬第14號鋼琴奏鳴曲《月光》 (Moonlight)
貝多芬第23號鋼琴奏鳴曲《熱情》 (Appassionata)
貝多芬第9號小提琴奏鳴曲《克羅采》 (Kreutzer)
莫札特第16號鋼琴奏鳴曲 (C大調,K. 545,簡易奏鳴曲)
舒伯特第21號鋼琴奏鳴曲 (降B大調,D. 960)
蕭邦第2號鋼琴奏鳴曲《送葬》 (Funeral March)
李斯特B小調鋼琴奏鳴曲 (單樂章結構的巔峰)
布拉姆斯第1號大提琴奏鳴曲 (E小調)
德布西G小調小提琴奏鳴曲
拉赫曼尼諾夫第二號鋼琴奏鳴曲 (Op. 36)

Mozart's Don Giovanni is often hailed as the "opera of all operas." It is a masterpiece of the Dramma Giocoso genre, a term that literally means "jocular drama," perfectly capturing its balance between dark tragedy and biting comedy.


Sonata Form: Tonal Logic and Dramatic Narrative

In the Classical era, Sonata Form was not just a rigid template but a psychological journey of tension and release. Using your example of the transition from A Major to E Major and back to A Major, here is how the structure mirrors human conflict:

1. Exposition (The Contrast)

  • Tonal Flow: Tonic (A Major) $\rightarrow$ Dominant (E Major).

  • The Logic: This section introduces the "characters" (musical themes). The first theme in A Major establishes the home ground. The transition to E Major (the dominant) creates a sense of moving away from home, introducing a second theme that usually contrasts in character (e.g., if the first is aggressive, the second is lyrical).

  • Dramatic Relationship: It represents the setup of two opposing forces or ideas—the Contrast.

2. Development (The Conflict)

  • Tonal Flow: Unstable; wanders through various keys (e.g., F# minor, D Major, etc.).

  • The Logic: The composer takes fragments of the themes from the Exposition and breaks them apart, puts them in different instruments, and forces them into distant, often darker keys.

  • Dramatic Relationship: This is the height of the action. The instability of the key reflects instability in the story. It represents the Conflict or the "thickening of the plot."

3. Recapitulation (The Resolution)

  • Tonal Flow: Tonic (A Major) $\rightarrow$ Tonic (A Major).

  • The Logic: The themes return, but with a crucial change: the second theme, which was originally in E Major, is now "tamed" and performed in the home key of A Major.

  • Dramatic Relationship: By bringing everything back to the home key, the musical tension is released. It represents the Resolution, where the opposing forces are reconciled or the journey ends back where it began, but with the wisdom of the experience.


The Plot of Don Giovanni

The opera follows the final days of Don Giovanni, a legendary, cold-hearted Spanish nobleman who spends his life seducing women.

  • The Crime: The story begins with Giovanni attempting to seducing Donna Anna; in the ensuing chaos, he kills her father, the Commendatore.

  • The Pursuit: Throughout the opera, Giovanni is pursued by Donna Anna (seeking revenge), Donna Elvira (a former lover seeking justice), and various other characters he has wronged. His servant, Leporello, provides comic relief while cataloging Giovanni’s thousands of conquests in the famous "Catalog Aria."

  • The Supernatural End: In a graveyard, a statue of the murdered Commendatore speaks to Giovanni. Brazenly, Giovanni invites the statue to dinner. To everyone’s horror, the stone statue arrives, demanding that Giovanni repent. He refuses with a defiant "No!", and is dragged down to Hell by a chorus of demons.


Ten Famous Sonatas by Other Great Composers

Beyond Mozart, these ten works are pillars of the sonata repertoire:

ComposerWork Title / Sobriquet
BeethovenPiano Sonata No. 14, "Moonlight"
BeethovenPiano Sonata No. 23, "Appassionata"
BeethovenViolin Sonata No. 9, "Kreutzer"
SchubertPiano Sonata No. 21 in B-flat Major, D. 960
ChopinPiano Sonata No. 2, "Funeral March"
LisztSonata in B minor (A massive, single-movement masterpiece)
BrahmsCello Sonata No. 1 in E minor
DebussySonata for Violin and Piano in G minor
RachmaninoffPiano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor
ScarlattiSonata in K. 1 (One of his 555 keyboard sonatas)